Azerbaijan

Last updated: June 10, 2026

Azerbaijan is a South Caucasus republic with a population of approximately 10 million and a territory spanning roughly 86,600 square kilometers. The country is governed as a presidential republic under President Ilham Aliyev , who has held power since 2003. Azerbaijan’s economy is heavily dependent on oil and natural gas exports, particularly through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline and the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects Caspian energy reserves to European markets. The capital, Baku, serves as a major regional hub. Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations, OSCE, and various regional organizations. The country’s Azerbaijani-speaking population is predominantly Muslim. Azerbaijan also includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, an exclave separated from mainland Azerbaijan by Armenian territory.

However, international human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, have extensively documented systematic human rights abuses in Azerbaijan, including arbitrary detention, torture, suppression of political opposition, restrictions on press freedom, and limitations on civil society. Aliyev’s government maintains tight control over dissent, with opposition politicians, journalists, and activists facing harassment, imprisonment, and violence. The country ranks poorly on freedom indices, with Reporters Without Borders, Freedom House, and Transparency International consistently ranking Azerbaijan among the world’s most repressive states regarding democratic freedoms and rule of law. Prison conditions are documented as harsh, and extrajudicial executions and enforced disappearances have been reported. The state monopoly on media, combined with internet censorship and restrictions on assembly, creates an environment where independent voices face significant risk. These governance practices have been particularly intensified since Aliyev’s re-election in 2018 and remain central to how the regime maintains internal control while projecting external power.

Azerbaijan is a South Caucasus republic whose military campaigns against Armenia in 2020 and 2023 have reshaped the regional balance of power. Following the 44-Day War in 2020 and the complete capture of Artsakh (Nagorno Karabakh) in a 24-hour offensive on September 19–20, 2023, Azerbaijan controls territory that was previously under Armenian administration, ethnically cleansing the enclave of its more than 150,000 Armenian inhabitants. President Ilham Aliyev has used military victory to extract territorial and geopolitical concessions from Armenia, including commitments toward the so-called “Zangezur Corridor”—what Washington frames as TRIPP (Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity), a transit corridor through Armenian Syunik province that would connect Azerbaijan to Turkey via Armenian land. Aliyev has consistently framed these arrangements in pan-Turanic terms, treating them as steps toward regional integration under Turkish-Azerbaijani leadership rather than as neutral infrastructure projects. Azerbaijan’s leverage over Armenia derives not only from military superiority but from Armenia’s isolation: as Russia has grown less reliable as a security guarantor and Armenia has sought Western partnerships that remain incomplete, Baku has incrementally pressed its advantage through border incursions, blockade threats, and demands for “unblocking” that contain implicit security concessions.

Azerbaijan’s relationship with Turkey is central to its strategy and its self-conception as a regional power. The two states share language, historical narratives around pan-Turkism, and military-strategic interests in offsetting Iran and resisting Russian influence. Turkey provided air support during the 2020 war and has supplied weapons and military training throughout Azerbaijan’s buildup. However, the relationship is not symmetrical: Azerbaijan maintains its own foreign policy interests, including energy partnerships with Europe via the Southern Gas Corridor and a degree of hedging toward Russia that reflects Baku’s awareness that it cannot afford permanent enmity with Moscow. In early 2026, tensions between Azerbaijan and Iran spiked following military exercises in Nakhijevan and constitutional changes that centralized control over the exclave, raising questions about whether Baku is positioning itself as a U.S.-backed pressure point against Iran or merely consolidating internal authority. The trajectory of the U.S.-Israeli war on Iran, discussed in episodes examining the regional dimensions of that conflict, has direct bearing on Azerbaijan’s calculations about its northern neighbor and its room for maneuver between Washington and Moscow.

Armenia’s vulnerability has translated into Azerbaijan’s expanding room for territorial and political demands. Pashinyan has signed successive ceasefire agreements and acknowledged Armenian territorial losses while framing them as necessary trade-offs for regional peace. Yet Azerbaijan has continued to occupy positions inside internationally recognized Armenian territory, has threatened blockades over the movement of humanitarian supplies to Armenia, and has used negotiations over transit corridors as leverage to extract security concessions from Yerevan. Eldar Mamedov’s analysis of the Iran war and Azerbaijan’s role as a potential northern front, alongside Arman Grigoryan’s assessment of what he terms Armenia’s “revolutionary recklessness” in abandoning Russian security ties without securing firm Western alternatives, illustrates the degree to which Azerbaijan’s actions are embedded in a wider geopolitical struggle between Russia, the United States, Europe, Iran, and Turkey. Whether Azerbaijan consolidates its wartime gains into a permanent shift in the regional balance or whether changed circumstances in Iran, Russia, or Western policy create openings for Armenian repositioning remains among the most contested questions shaping the South Caucasus through 2026 and beyond.

Groong episodes that include this tag

Below are all Groong episodes tagged with Azerbaijan.

Guest(s):

Conversations on Groong: Artsakh in the Arab Media - Oct 28, 2020

Since September 27, Azerbaijan has been waging an all out war on Artsakh, cluster-bombing towns and villages and killing civilians and destroying churches and cultural centers, with the aim to destroy and depopulate the region. The worldwide Armenian Diaspora has come together to fight this existential threat.

We’ve read much about the Diaspora’s activities around most of the world, but what about the Arab world? This episode explores some of the challenges and opportunities that

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Guest(s):

Conversations on Groong: Artsakh in the Arab Media - Oct 28, 2020

Since September 27, Azerbaijan has been waging an all out war on Artsakh, cluster-bombing towns and villages and killing civilians and destroying churches and cultural centers, with the aim to destroy and depopulate the region. The worldwide Armenian Diaspora has come together to fight this existential threat.

We’ve read much about the Diaspora’s activities around most of the world, but what about the Arab world? This episode explores some of the challenges and opportunities that

 Read More

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - October 18, 2020

Topics Covered:

  • In retrospect: Tracing our steps back to Sep. 27
  • Call from extra-parliamentary opposition for a War Council
  • Mobilization of the Armenian diaspora

Your Hosts:

  • Asbed Bedrossian
  • Hovik Manucharyan

Resident Panelists:

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Emil Sanamyan

Episode 22. Recorded: October18, 2020 Playlist: WiR (Week in Review)

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - October 18, 2020

Topics Covered:

  • In retrospect: Tracing our steps back to Sep. 27
  • Call from extra-parliamentary opposition for a War Council
  • Mobilization of the Armenian diaspora

Your Hosts:

  • Asbed Bedrossian
  • Hovik Manucharyan

Resident Panelists:

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Emil Sanamyan

Episode 22. Recorded: October18, 2020 Playlist: WiR (Week in Review)

ANN/Groong Week in Review - October 4, 2020

Topics:

  • Stepanakert under persistent bombardment using banned cluster bombs.
  • Turkey’s role in the war.
  • Why is Russia quiet?
  • What can we expect next?

Guests:

Episode 20 | Recorded: Oct 3, 2020

ANN/Groong Week in Review - October 4, 2020

Topics:

  • Stepanakert under persistent bombardment using banned cluster bombs.
  • Turkey’s role in the war.
  • Why is Russia quiet?
  • What can we expect next?

Guests:

Episode 20 | Recorded: Oct 3, 2020

Guest(s):

Conversations on Groong - October 3, 2020

It has now been 7 days since Azerbaijan initiated a wide-scale attack against Armenia and Artsakh. The tragic news of deaths and destruction continue to stream in every hour.

In today’s conversation on Groong, we talk to Jirair Libaridian and Thomas DeWaal about the regional geopolitics that helped create a ripe environment for renewed fighting and various potential scenarios that may develop as a result of it.

Questions explored:

  • What was the path leading to the latest escalation?
  • Why has Turkey taken an
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Guest(s):

Conversations on Groong - October 3, 2020

It has now been 7 days since Azerbaijan initiated a wide-scale attack against Armenia and Artsakh. The tragic news of deaths and destruction continue to stream in every hour.

In today’s conversation on Groong, we talk to Jirair Libaridian and Thomas DeWaal about the regional geopolitics that helped create a ripe environment for renewed fighting and various potential scenarios that may develop as a result of it.

Questions explored:

  • What was the path leading to the latest escalation?
  • Why has Turkey taken an
 Read More

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - (Ep #18) - 09/27/2020

Topics:

  • The 29th Anniversary of Armenian Independence;
  • Armenia’s foreign policy;
  • Azerbaijan war of disinformation; and lastly
  • Opposition trio rally and Tsarukyan’s arrest

Guests

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Marine Manucharyan
  • Emil Sanamyan

Hosts

  • Asbed Bedrossian
  • Hovik Manucharyan

Website: https://groong.org/podcasts/WiR-20200927.html Episode 18 | Recorded on September 26, 2020

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - (Ep #18) - 09/27/2020

Topics:

  • The 29th Anniversary of Armenian Independence;
  • Armenia’s foreign policy;
  • Azerbaijan war of disinformation; and lastly
  • Opposition trio rally and Tsarukyan’s arrest

Guests

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Marine Manucharyan
  • Emil Sanamyan

Hosts

  • Asbed Bedrossian
  • Hovik Manucharyan

Website: https://groong.org/podcasts/WiR-20200927.html Episode 18 | Recorded on September 26, 2020

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 09/20/2020

Topics:

  • Constitutional Court Appointment
  • Armenia’s Growing National Debt
  • Calls for the Resignation of the Minister of Education
  • Escalated Tensions on the Armenian-Azerbaijan border
    • Armenian Soldier dies amidst escalation
    • Azerbaijan again slams negotiations, turns away Russian AWACS
  • Khodorkovsky Publishes New Dossier on Armenian & Azerbaijan
  • Bob Dole hired by Embassy of Armenia as a Lobbyist

Guests

  • Hrant Mikaelyan
  • Emil Sanamyan
  • Alen Zamanyan

Hosts

  • Asbed Bedrossian
  • Hovik Manucharyan
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Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 09/20/2020

Topics:

  • Constitutional Court Appointment
  • Armenia’s Growing National Debt
  • Calls for the Resignation of the Minister of Education
  • Escalated Tensions on the Armenian-Azerbaijan border
    • Armenian Soldier dies amidst escalation
    • Azerbaijan again slams negotiations, turns away Russian AWACS
  • Khodorkovsky Publishes New Dossier on Armenian & Azerbaijan
  • Bob Dole hired by Embassy of Armenia as a Lobbyist

Guests

  • Hrant Mikaelyan
  • Emil Sanamyan
  • Alen Zamanyan

Hosts

  • Asbed Bedrossian
  • Hovik Manucharyan
 Read More

Armenian News Network/Groong: Telecommunications Security in Armenia - Sep 15, 2020)

Conversations on Groong

Background and formulation of the telecoms market in Armenia

Telecommunications market in Armenia started with the monopoly of the incumbent operator ArmenTel owned jointly by Greek state owned company OTE (90%) and Armenian government (10%). The sale-purchase agreement granted ArmenTel (recently rebranded to VEON) exclusive rights to provide basic telecommunications services including international Internet connectivity, mobile and fixed telephony. ArmenTel’s monopoly remained till

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Armenian News Network/Groong: Telecommunications Security in Armenia - Sep 15, 2020)

Conversations on Groong

Background and formulation of the telecoms market in Armenia

Telecommunications market in Armenia started with the monopoly of the incumbent operator ArmenTel owned jointly by Greek state owned company OTE (90%) and Armenian government (10%). The sale-purchase agreement granted ArmenTel (recently rebranded to VEON) exclusive rights to provide basic telecommunications services including international Internet connectivity, mobile and fixed telephony. ArmenTel’s monopoly remained till

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Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 09/13/2020

Topics:

  • Electoral Reforms in Armenia
  • Journalist Dana Mazalov passes away
  • ANSEF Reorganization
  • My Step MP Arsen Julfalakyan Resigns from Parliament
  • Russian Opposition Leader Navalny’s Poisoning and Recovery
  • What is going on in Baku?
    • Azeri pressure on Arms Providers to Armenia
    • Aliyev vs. Aliyeva?
    • Caucasus 2020 Joint Military Exercises and those MIA

Guests

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Emil Sanamyan
  • Alen Zamanyan

Hosts

  • Hovik Manucharyan
  • Asbed Bedrossian

Website:

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Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 09/13/2020

Topics:

  • Electoral Reforms in Armenia
  • Journalist Dana Mazalov passes away
  • ANSEF Reorganization
  • My Step MP Arsen Julfalakyan Resigns from Parliament
  • Russian Opposition Leader Navalny’s Poisoning and Recovery
  • What is going on in Baku?
    • Azeri pressure on Arms Providers to Armenia
    • Aliyev vs. Aliyeva?
    • Caucasus 2020 Joint Military Exercises and those MIA

Guests

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Emil Sanamyan
  • Alen Zamanyan

Hosts

  • Hovik Manucharyan
  • Asbed Bedrossian

Website:

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Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 09/06/2020

Topics:

  • Adios Madrid?
  • A New Repatriation Package & iGorts
  • Adios Torosyan?
  • Update on Covid in Armenia / State of Emergency
  • Panelist Soapboxes

Guests

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • David Sandukhchyan
  • Emil Sanamyan

Hosts

  • Asbed Bedrossian
  • Hovik Manucharyan

Website: https://groong.org/podcasts/WiR-20200906.html Episode 13 | Recorded on September 6, 2020

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 09/06/2020

Topics:

  • Adios Madrid?
  • A New Repatriation Package & iGorts
  • Adios Torosyan?
  • Update on Covid in Armenia / State of Emergency
  • Panelist Soapboxes

Guests

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • David Sandukhchyan
  • Emil Sanamyan

Hosts

  • Asbed Bedrossian
  • Hovik Manucharyan

Website: https://groong.org/podcasts/WiR-20200906.html Episode 13 | Recorded on September 6, 2020

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 08/30/2020

Topics:

  • Armenian POW Gurgen Alaverdyan
  • Armenia’s Humanitarian Aid to Aleppo
  • Serge Sargsyan’s Interview and the Four-Day War Deliberations
  • National Awards
  • Vagharshak Harutyunyan’s Appointment as Chief Advisor to Pashinyan

Guests:

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Emil Sanamyan
  • Alen Zamanyan

Guest(s):

Hosts:

  • Hovik Manucharyan
  • Asbed Bedrossian

Website: https://groong.org/podcasts/WiR-20200830.html Episode 11 | Recorded on August 30 2020

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 08/30/2020

Topics:

  • Armenian POW Gurgen Alaverdyan
  • Armenia’s Humanitarian Aid to Aleppo
  • Serge Sargsyan’s Interview and the Four-Day War Deliberations
  • National Awards
  • Vagharshak Harutyunyan’s Appointment as Chief Advisor to Pashinyan

Guests:

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Emil Sanamyan
  • Alen Zamanyan

Guest(s):

Hosts:

  • Hovik Manucharyan
  • Asbed Bedrossian

Website: https://groong.org/podcasts/WiR-20200830.html Episode 11 | Recorded on August 30 2020

Topics:

  • Turkey: Zero Problems?
  • Azerbaijan: The Myth of Brotherly Relations?
  • Armenia: From Diplomatic Overtures to a Mini Cold War

Guests:

Host:

Episode 10 | Recorded: August 2020

Topics:

  • Turkey: Zero Problems?
  • Azerbaijan: The Myth of Brotherly Relations?
  • Armenia: From Diplomatic Overtures to a Mini Cold War

Guests:

Host:

Episode 10 | Recorded: August 2020

Topics:

  • Turkey’s Transformation in Historical Perspective
  • Change and Continuity of Turkish Political Culture
  • Turkey’s Foreign Policy

Guests:

Host:

Episode 9 | Recorded: August 2020

Topics:

  • Turkey’s Transformation in Historical Perspective
  • Change and Continuity of Turkish Political Culture
  • Turkey’s Foreign Policy

Guests:

Host:

Episode 9 | Recorded: August 2020

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 08/16/2020

This Week in Review we talk with Hrant Mikaelian to discuss important issues and developments around Armenia, such as the Coronavirus Pandemic, and its economic effect; Armenia’s membership in EurAsian Economic Union and the economic effect of that organization on Armenia; and some of the trends affecting Russia and its economy.

Hrant will then join us in our weekly lightning round of questions from the past week’s headlines, to analyze Prime Minister Pashinyan’s

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Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 08/16/2020

This Week in Review we talk with Hrant Mikaelian to discuss important issues and developments around Armenia, such as the Coronavirus Pandemic, and its economic effect; Armenia’s membership in EurAsian Economic Union and the economic effect of that organization on Armenia; and some of the trends affecting Russia and its economy.

Hrant will then join us in our weekly lightning round of questions from the past week’s headlines, to analyze Prime Minister Pashinyan’s

 Read More

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 08/09/2020

Topics:

  • The Massive Explosion in Beirut
  • Lightning Round
    • Turkey-Azerbaijan Military Exercises
    • Mashtots Park
    • Cyber Security Intrusion
    • Law on Media Regulation
    • Beirut Explosion

Guests

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Emil Sanamyan
  • Yeghia Tashjian
  • Alen Zamanyan

Hosts

  • Hovik Manucharyan
  • Asbed Bedrossian

Website: https://groong.org/podcasts/WiR-20200809.html Episode 6 | Recorded on August 9, 2020

Guest(s):

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 08/09/2020

Topics:

  • The Massive Explosion in Beirut
  • Lightning Round
    • Turkey-Azerbaijan Military Exercises
    • Mashtots Park
    • Cyber Security Intrusion
    • Law on Media Regulation
    • Beirut Explosion

Guests

  • Asbed Kotchikian
  • Emil Sanamyan
  • Yeghia Tashjian
  • Alen Zamanyan

Hosts

  • Hovik Manucharyan
  • Asbed Bedrossian

Website: https://groong.org/podcasts/WiR-20200809.html Episode 6 | Recorded on August 9, 2020

ANN Groong Week in Review - 08/02/2020

Topics:

  • Living With Conflict #WordsNotSwords
  • Panel Discussion on Robert Kocharyan’s Interview
  • Lightning Round
    • The SIS Charges Arthur Danielyan
    • Nominees for the Constitutional Court
    • The PM’s Outlook on the State of the Pandemic
    • Staff Changes in the Diaspora High Commissioner’s Office

Guests

Resident panelists:

Episode 5 | Recorded ob August 2, 2020

ANN Groong Week in Review - 08/02/2020

Topics:

  • Living With Conflict #WordsNotSwords
  • Panel Discussion on Robert Kocharyan’s Interview
  • Lightning Round
    • The SIS Charges Arthur Danielyan
    • Nominees for the Constitutional Court
    • The PM’s Outlook on the State of the Pandemic
    • Staff Changes in the Diaspora High Commissioner’s Office

Guests

Resident panelists:

Episode 5 | Recorded ob August 2, 2020

ANN Groong Week in Review - 07/26/2020

Topics:

  • Panel: War roundup / Artsakh
  • Conversation: National Security Doctrine
  • Panel: National Security Doctrine

Guests

A Conversation with

Episode 4 | Recorded on July 26, 2020

ANN Groong Week in Review - 07/26/2020

Topics:

  • Panel: War roundup / Artsakh
  • Conversation: National Security Doctrine
  • Panel: National Security Doctrine

Guests

A Conversation with

Episode 4 | Recorded on July 26, 2020

ANN Groong Week in Review - 07/19/2020

Topics:

  • Clashes on the Tavush Border
  • Azerbaijani Propaganda around Armenian Threats to the Mingechaur Reservoid
  • Azerbaijan’s threat to strike Armenia’s Nuclear Power Plant with missiles

Guests:

Episode 2 | Recorded on July 19 2020

ANN Groong Week in Review - 07/19/2020

Topics:

  • Clashes on the Tavush Border
  • Azerbaijani Propaganda around Armenian Threats to the Mingechaur Reservoid
  • Azerbaijan’s threat to strike Armenia’s Nuclear Power Plant with missiles

Guests:

Episode 2 | Recorded on July 19 2020

Guest(s):

Conversations on Groong

Safety and Security of Metsamor

Topics:

  • Azerbaijan’s threat to attack the NPP
  • Overall safety and security of the plant
  • Safe handling of nuclear fuel
  • Renewable energy alternatives to nuclear
  • Maintenance and upgrades to the NPP

Episode 3 | Recorded on July 17, 2020

Guest(s):

Conversations on Groong

Safety and Security of Metsamor

Topics:

  • Azerbaijan’s threat to attack the NPP
  • Overall safety and security of the plant
  • Safe handling of nuclear fuel
  • Renewable energy alternatives to nuclear
  • Maintenance and upgrades to the NPP

Episode 3 | Recorded on July 17, 2020

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 07/12/2020

Topics:

  • The Constitutional Court Standoff Continues in Limbo
  • Polls, and what you should know about them
  • The Armenian Government’s response to COVID-19
  • The State of Armenian Media: Media Freedoms During Covid

Guests:

Episode 1 | Recorded on July 12, 2020

ANN/Groong Week in Review - 07/12/2020

Topics:

  • The Constitutional Court Standoff Continues in Limbo
  • Polls, and what you should know about them
  • The Armenian Government’s response to COVID-19
  • The State of Armenian Media: Media Freedoms During Covid

Guests:

Episode 1 | Recorded on July 12, 2020